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Introductory Statistics

Mathematics and Statistics

Matched or Paired Samples

Tác giả: OpenStaxCollege

When using a hypothesis test for matched or paired samples, the following characteristics should be present:

1. Simple random sampling is used.
2. Sample sizes are often small.
3. Two measurements (samples) are drawn from the same pair of individuals or objects.
4. Differences are calculated from the matched or paired samples.
5. The differences form the sample that is used for the hypothesis test.
6. Either the matched pairs have differences that come from a population that is normal or the number of differences is sufficiently large so that distribution of the sample mean of differences is approximately normal.

In a hypothesis test for matched or paired samples, subjects are matched in pairs and differences are calculated. The differences are the data. The population mean for the differences, μd, is then tested using a Student's-t test for a single population mean with n – 1 degrees of freedom, where n is the number of differences.

The test statistic (t-score) is:
$t=\frac{{\overline{x}}_{d}-{\mu }_{d}}{\left(\frac{{s}_{d}}{\sqrt{n}}\right)}$

A study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of hypnotism in reducing pain. Results for randomly selected subjects are shown in [link]. A lower score indicates less pain. The "before" value is matched to an "after" value and the differences are calculated. The differences have a normal distribution. Are the sensory measurements, on average, lower after hypnotism? Test at a 5% significance level.

 Subject: A B C D E F G H Before 6.6 6.5 9.0 10.3 11.3 8.1 6.3 11.6 After 6.8 2.4 7.4 8.5 8.1 6.1 3.4 2.0

Corresponding "before" and "after" values form matched pairs. (Calculate "after" – "before.")

 After Data Before Data Difference 6.8 6.6 0.2 2.4 6.5 -4.1 7.4 9 -1.6 8.5 10.3 -1.8 8.1 11.3 -3.2 6.1 8.1 -2 3.4 6.3 -2.9 2 11.6 -9.6

The data for the test are the differences: {0.2, –4.1, –1.6, –1.8, –3.2, –2, –2.9, –9.6}

The sample mean and sample standard deviation of the differences are: $\phantom{\rule{20pt}{0ex}}\overline{{x}_{d}}=–3.13$ and ${s}_{d}=2.91$ Verify these values.

Let ${\mu }_{d}$ be the population mean for the differences. We use the subscript $d$ to denote "differences."

Random variable: ${\overline{X}}_{d}$ = the mean difference of the sensory measurements

H0: μd ≥ 0

The null hypothesis is zero or positive, meaning that there is the same or more pain felt after hypnotism. That means the subject shows no improvement. μd is the population mean of the differences.)

Ha: μd < 0

The alternative hypothesis is negative, meaning there is less pain felt after hypnotism. That means the subject shows improvement. The score should be lower after hypnotism, so the difference ought to be negative to indicate improvement.

Distribution for the test: The distribution is a Student's t with df = n – 1 = 8 – 1 = 7. Use t7. (Notice that the test is for a single population mean.)

Calculate the p-value using the Student's-t distribution: p-value = 0.0095

Graph:

${\overline{X}}_{d}$ is the random variable for the differences.

The sample mean and sample standard deviation of the differences are:

${\overline{x}}_{d}$ = –3.13

${\overline{s}}_{d}$ = 2.91

Compare α and the p-value: α = 0.05 and p-value = 0.0095. α > p-value.

Make a decision: Since α > p-value, reject H0. This means that μd < 0 and there is improvement.

Conclusion: At a 5% level of significance, from the sample data, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the sensory measurements, on average, are lower after hypnotism. Hypnotism appears to be effective in reducing pain.

A college football coach was interested in whether the college's strength development class increased his players' maximum lift (in pounds) on the bench press exercise. He asked four of his players to participate in a study. The amount of weight they could each lift was recorded before they took the strength development class. After completing the class, the amount of weight they could each lift was again measured. The data are as follows:

 Weight (in pounds) Player 1 Player 2 Player 3 Player 4 Amount of weight lifted prior to the class 205 241 338 368 Amount of weight lifted after the class 295 252 330 360

The coach wants to know if the strength development class makes his players stronger, on average.
Record the differences data. Calculate the differences by subtracting the amount of weight lifted prior to the class from the weight lifted after completing the class. The data for the differences are: {90, 11, -8, -8}. Assume the differences have a normal distribution.

Using the differences data, calculate the sample mean and the sample standard deviation.

${\overline{x}}_{d}$ = 21.3, sd = 46.7

Using the difference data, this becomes a test of a single __________ (fill in the blank).

Define the random variable: ${\overline{X}}_{d}$ mean difference in the maximum lift per player.

The distribution for the hypothesis test is t3.

H0: μd ≤ 0, Ha: μd > 0

Graph:

Calculate the p-value: The p-value is 0.2150

Decision: If the level of significance is 5%, the decision is not to reject the null hypothesis, because α < p-value.

What is the conclusion?

At a 5% level of significance, from the sample data, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the strength development class helped to make the players stronger, on average.

Seven eighth graders at Kennedy Middle School measured how far they could push the shot-put with their dominant (writing) hand and their weaker (non-writing) hand. They thought that they could push equal distances with either hand. The data were collected and recorded in [link].

 Distance (in feet) using Student 1 Student 2 Student 3 Student 4 Student 5 Student 6 Student 7 Dominant Hand 30 26 34 17 19 26 20 Weaker Hand 28 14 27 18 17 26 16

Conduct a hypothesis test to determine whether the mean difference in distances between the children’s dominant versus weaker hands is significant.

Record the differences data. Calculate the differences by subtracting the distances with the weaker hand from the distances with the dominant hand. The data for the differences are: {2, 12, 7, –1, 2, 0, 4}. The differences have a normal distribution.

Using the differences data, calculate the sample mean and the sample standard deviation. ${\overline{x}}_{d}$ = 3.71, ${s}_{d}$ = 4.5.

Random variable: ${\overline{X}}_{d}$ = mean difference in the distances between the hands.

Distribution for the hypothesis test: t6

H0: μd = 0 Ha: μd ≠ 0

Graph:

Calculate the p-value: The p-value is 0.0716 (using the data directly).

(test statistic = 2.18. p-value = 0.0719 using

Decision: Assume α = 0.05. Since α < p-value, Do not reject H0.

Conclusion: At the 5% level of significance, from the sample data, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a difference in the children’s weaker and dominant hands to push the shot-put.

Chapter Review

A hypothesis test for matched or paired samples (t-test) has these characteristics:

• Test the differences by subtracting one measurement from the other measurement
• Random Variable: ${\overline{x}}_{d}$ = mean of the differences
• Distribution: Student’s-t distribution with n – 1 degrees of freedom
• If the number of differences is small (less than 30), the differences must follow a normal distribution.
• Two samples are drawn from the same set of objects.
• Samples are dependent.

Formula Review

Test Statistic (t-score): t = $\frac{{\overline{x}}_{d}-{\mu }_{d}}{\left(\frac{{s}_{d}}{\sqrt{n}}\right)}$

where:

${\overline{x}}_{d}$ is the mean of the sample differences. μd is the mean of the population differences. sd is the sample standard deviation of the differences. n is the sample size.

Use the following information to answer the next five exercises. A study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a software patch in reducing system failures over a six-month period. Results for randomly selected installations are shown in [link]. The “before” value is matched to an “after” value, and the differences are calculated. The differences have a normal distribution. Test at the 1% significance level.

 Installation A B C D E F G H Before 3 6 4 2 5 8 2 6 After 1 5 2 0 1 0 2 2

What is the random variable?

the mean difference of the system failures

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

What is the p-value?

0.0067

Draw the graph of the p-value.

What conclusion can you draw about the software patch?

With a p-value 0.0067, we can reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to support that the software patch is effective in reducing the number of system failures.

Use the following information to answer next five exercises. A study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a juggling class. Before the class started, six subjects juggled as many balls as they could at once. After the class, the same six subjects juggled as many balls as they could. The differences in the number of balls are calculated. The differences have a normal distribution. Test at the 1% significance level.

 Subject A B C D E F Before 3 4 3 2 4 5 After 4 5 6 4 5 7

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

What is the p-value?

0.0021

What is the sample mean difference?

Draw the graph of the p-value.

What conclusion can you draw about the juggling class?

Use the following information to answer the next five exercises. A doctor wants to know if a blood pressure medication is effective. Six subjects have their blood pressures recorded. After twelve weeks on the medication, the same six subjects have their blood pressure recorded again. For this test, only systolic pressure is of concern. Test at the 1% significance level.

 Patient A B C D E F Before 161 162 165 162 166 171 After 158 159 166 160 167 169

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

H0: μd ≥ 0

Ha: μd < 0

What is the test statistic?

What is the p-value?

0.0699

What is the sample mean difference?

What is the conclusion?

We decline to reject the null hypothesis. There is not sufficient evidence to support that the medication is effective.

Homework

DIRECTIONS: For each of the word problems, use a solution sheet to do the hypothesis test. The solution sheet is found in Appendix E. Please feel free to make copies of the solution sheets. For the online version of the book, it is suggested that you copy the .doc or the .pdf files.

Ten individuals went on a low–fat diet for 12 weeks to lower their cholesterol. The data are recorded in [link]. Do you think that their cholesterol levels were significantly lowered?

 Starting cholesterol level Ending cholesterol level 140 140 220 230 110 120 240 220 200 190 180 150 190 200 360 300 280 300 260 240

p-value = 0.1494

At the 5% significance level, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the medication lowered cholesterol levels after 12 weeks.

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises. A new AIDS prevention drug was tried on a group of 224 HIV positive patients. Forty-five patients developed AIDS after four years. In a control group of 224 HIV positive patients, 68 developed AIDS after four years. We want to test whether the method of treatment reduces the proportion of patients that develop AIDS after four years or if the proportions of the treated group and the untreated group stay the same.

Let the subscript t = treated patient and ut = untreated patient.

The appropriate hypotheses are:

1. H0: pt < put and Ha: ptput
2. H0: ptput and Ha: pt > put
3. H0: pt = put and Ha: ptput
4. H0: pt = put and Ha: pt < put

If the p-value is 0.0062 what is the conclusion (use α = 0.05)?

1. The method has no effect.
2. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the method reduces the proportion of HIV positive patients who develop AIDS after four years.
3. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the method increases the proportion of HIV positive patients who develop AIDS after four years.
4. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the method reduces the proportion of HIV positive patients who develop AIDS after four years.

b

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises. An experiment is conducted to show that blood pressure can be consciously reduced in people trained in a “biofeedback exercise program.” Six subjects were randomly selected and blood pressure measurements were recorded before and after the training. The difference between blood pressures was calculated (after - before) producing the following results: ${\overline{x}}_{d}$ = −10.2 sd = 8.4. Using the data, test the hypothesis that the blood pressure has decreased after the training.

The distribution for the test is:

1. t5
2. t6
3. N(−10.2, 8.4)
4. N(−10.2, $\frac{8.4}{\sqrt{6}}$)

If α = 0.05, the p-value and the conclusion are

1. 0.0014; There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the blood pressure decreased after the training.
2. 0.0014; There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the blood pressure increased after the training.
3. 0.0155; There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the blood pressure decreased after the training.
4. 0.0155; There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the blood pressure increased after the training.

c

A golf instructor is interested in determining if her new technique for improving players’ golf scores is effective. She takes four new students. She records their 18-hole scores before learning the technique and then after having taken her class. She conducts a hypothesis test. The data are as follows.

 Player 1 Player 2 Player 3 Player 4 Mean score before class 83 78 93 87 Mean score after class 80 80 86 86

The correct decision is:

1. Reject H0.
2. Do not reject the H0.

A local cancer support group believes that the estimate for new female breast cancer cases in the south is higher in 2013 than in 2012. The group compared the estimates of new female breast cancer cases by southern state in 2012 and in 2013. The results are in [link].

 Southern States 2012 2013 Alabama 3,450 3,720 Arkansas 2,150 2,280 Florida 15,540 15,710 Georgia 6,970 7,310 Kentucky 3,160 3,300 Louisiana 3,320 3,630 Mississippi 1,990 2,080 North Carolina 7,090 7,430 Oklahoma 2,630 2,690 South Carolina 3,570 3,580 Tennessee 4,680 5,070 Texas 15,050 14,980 Virginia 6,190 6,280

Test: two matched pairs or paired samples (t-test)

Random variable: ${\overline{X}}_{d}$

Distribution: t12

H0: μd = 0 Ha: μd > 0

The mean of the differences of new female breast cancer cases in the south between 2013 and 2012 is greater than zero. The estimate for new female breast cancer cases in the south is higher in 2013 than in 2012.

Graph: right-tailed

p-value: 0.0004

Decision: Reject H0

Conclusion: At the 5% level of significance, from the sample data, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that there was a higher estimate of new female breast cancer cases in 2013 than in 2012.

A traveler wanted to know if the prices of hotels are different in the ten cities that he visits the most often. The list of the cities with the corresponding hotel prices for his two favorite hotel chains is in [link]. Test at the 1% level of significance.

 Cities Hyatt Regency prices in dollars Hilton prices in dollars Atlanta 107 169 Boston 358 289 Chicago 209 299 Dallas 209 198 Denver 167 169 Indianapolis 179 214 Los Angeles 179 169 New York City 625 459 Philadelphia 179 159 Washington, DC 245 239

A politician asked his staff to determine whether the underemployment rate in the northeast decreased from 2011 to 2012. The results are in [link].

 Northeastern States 2011 2012 Connecticut 17.3 16.4 Delaware 17.4 13.7 Maine 19.3 16.1 Maryland 16 15.5 Massachusetts 17.6 18.2 New Hampshire 15.4 13.5 New Jersey 19.2 18.7 New York 18.5 18.7 Ohio 18.2 18.8 Pennsylvania 16.5 16.9 Rhode Island 20.7 22.4 Vermont 14.7 12.3 West Virginia 15.5 17.3

Test: matched or paired samples (t-test)

Difference data: {–0.9, –3.7, –3.2, –0.5, 0.6, –1.9, –0.5, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.7, –2.4, 1.8}

Random Variable: ${\overline{X}}_{d}$

Distribution: H0: μd = 0 Ha: μd < 0

The mean of the differences of the rate of underemployment in the northeastern states between 2012 and 2011 is less than zero. The underemployment rate went down from 2011 to 2012.

Graph: left-tailed.

p-value: 0.1207

Decision: Do not reject H0.

Conclusion: At the 5% level of significance, from the sample data, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that there was a decrease in the underemployment rates of the northeastern states from 2011 to 2012.

Bringing It Together

Use the following information to answer the next ten exercises. indicate which of the following choices best identifies the hypothesis test.

1. independent group means, population standard deviations and/or variances known
2. independent group means, population standard deviations and/or variances unknown
3. matched or paired samples
4. single mean
5. two proportions
6. single proportion

A powder diet is tested on 49 people, and a liquid diet is tested on 36 different people. The population standard deviations are two pounds and three pounds, respectively. Of interest is whether the liquid diet yields a higher mean weight loss than the powder diet.

A new chocolate bar is taste-tested on consumers. Of interest is whether the proportion of children who like the new chocolate bar is greater than the proportion of adults who like it.

e

The mean number of English courses taken in a two–year time period by male and female college students is believed to be about the same. An experiment is conducted and data are collected from nine males and 16 females.

A football league reported that the mean number of touchdowns per game was five. A study is done to determine if the mean number of touchdowns has decreased.

d

A study is done to determine if students in the California state university system take longer to graduate than students enrolled in private universities. One hundred students from both the California state university system and private universities are surveyed. From years of research, it is known that the population standard deviations are 1.5811 years and one year, respectively.

According to a YWCA Rape Crisis Center newsletter, 75% of rape victims know their attackers. A study is done to verify this.

f

According to a recent study, U.S. companies have a mean maternity-leave of six weeks.

A recent drug survey showed an increase in use of drugs and alcohol among local high school students as compared to the national percent. Suppose that a survey of 100 local youths and 100 national youths is conducted to see if the proportion of drug and alcohol use is higher locally than nationally.

e

A new SAT study course is tested on 12 individuals. Pre-course and post-course scores are recorded. Of interest is the mean increase in SAT scores. The following data are collected:

 Pre-course score Post-course score 1 300 960 920 1010 1100 840 880 1100 1070 1250 1320 860 860 1330 1370 790 770 990 1040 1110 1200 740 850

University of Michigan researchers reported in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute that quitting smoking is especially beneficial for those under age 49. In this American Cancer Society study, the risk (probability) of dying of lung cancer was about the same as for those who had never smoked.

f

Lesley E. Tan investigated the relationship between left-handedness vs. right-handedness and motor competence in preschool children. Random samples of 41 left-handed preschool children and 41 right-handed preschool children were given several tests of motor skills to determine if there is evidence of a difference between the children based on this experiment. The experiment produced the means and standard deviations shown [link]. Determine the appropriate test and best distribution to use for that test.

 Left-handed Right-handed Sample size 41 41 Sample mean 97.5 98.1 Sample standard deviation 17.5 19.2
1. Two independent means, normal distribution
2. Two independent means, Student’s-t distribution
3. Matched or paired samples, Student’s-t distribution
4. Two population proportions, normal distribution

A golf instructor is interested in determining if her new technique for improving players’ golf scores is effective. She takes four (4) new students. She records their 18-hole scores before learning the technique and then after having taken her class. She conducts a hypothesis test. The data are as [link].

 Player 1 Player 2 Player 3 Player 4 Mean score before class 83 78 93 87 Mean score after class 80 80 86 86

This is:

1. a test of two independent means.
2. a test of two proportions.
3. a test of a single mean.
4. a test of a single proportion.

a